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Margaret Andrews

Female 1747 -


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Timeline

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   Date  Event(s)
1 1700 
  • 1700—1799:
    SA - VOC slave trading in Mozambique; Zanzibar and Madagascar
2 1720 
  • 1720—1749:
    SA - Western Cape Khoekhoe reduced to labouring class
3 1747 
  • 1747—1747:
    Act for Pacification of the Highlands
  • 1747—1747:
    Abolition of Heritable Jurisdictions in Scotland
4 1749 
  • 27 Apr 1749—27 Apr 1749:
    First performance of Handel's Music for the Royal Fireworks (in Green Park, London)
5 1750 
  • Feb 1750—Feb 1750:
    Series of earthquakes in London and the Home Counties cause panic with predictions of an apocalypse (Feb/Mar)
  • 16 Nov 1750—16 Nov 1750:
    Original Westminster Bridge opened (replaced in 1862 due to subsidence)
6 1751 
  • Mar 1751—Mar 1751:
    Chesterfield's Calendar Act passed - royal assent to the bill was given on 22 May 1751 - decision to adopt Gregorian Calendar in 1752: In and throughout all his
7 1752 
  • 1752—1752:
    Benjamin Franklin invents the lightning conductor
  • 1 Jan 1752—1 Jan 1752:
    Beginning of the year 1752 [Scotland had adopted January as the start of the year in 1600, and some other countries in Europe had adopted the Gregorian calendar as early as 1582]
  • 3 Sep 1752—3 Sep 1752:
    Julian Calendar dropped and Gregorian Calendar adopted in England and Scotland, making this Sep 14
8 1753 
  • 1753—1753:
    Private collection of Sir Hans Sloane forms the basis of the British Museum
  • 1 May 1753—1 May 1753:
    Publication of ?Species Plantarum' by Linnaeus and the formal start date of plant taxonomy
9 1754 
  • 1754—1754:
    Hardwicke Act (1753): Banns to be called, and Printed Marriage Register forms to be used - Quakers & Jews exempt
  • 1754—1754:
    In the General Election, the Cow Inn at Haslemere, Surrey caused a national scandal by subdividing the freehold to create eight votes instead of one
  • 1754—1754:
    First British troops not belonging to the East India Company despatched to India
  • 1754—1754:
    SA - First recorded Xam San resistance to Roggeveld Trekboers
10 1755 
  • 1755—1755:
    Publication of Dictionary of the English Language' by Dr Samuel Johnson
  • 1755—1755:
    Period of canal construction began in Britain (till 1827)
  • 1755—1755:
    SA - Smallpox epidemic in the Cape. Foundation stone of Old Town House in Cape Town is laid.
  • 2 Dec 1755—2 Dec 1755:
    Second Eddystone Lighthouse destroyed by fire
11 1756 
  • 15 May 1756—15 May 1756:
    The Seven Years War with France (Pitt's trade war) begins
  • Jun 1756—Jun 1756:
    Black Hole of Calcutta - 146 Britons imprisoned, most die according to British sources
12 1757 
  • 1757—1757:
    The foundation laid for the Empire of India
  • 14 Mar 1757—14 Mar 1757:
    Admiral Byng shot at Portsmouth for failing to relieve Minorca
  • 23 Jun 1757—23 Jun 1757:
    The Nawab of Bengal tries to expel the British, but is defeated at the battle of Plassey (Palashi, June 23) - the East India Company forces are led by Robert Clive
13 1758 
  • 1758—1758:
    India stops being merely a commercial venture - England begins dominating it politically - The East India Company retains its monopoly although it ceased to trade
14 1759 
  • 1759—1759:
    Wesley builds 356 Methodist chapels
  • 15 Jan 1759—15 Jan 1759:
    British Museum opens to the public in London
  • 16 Oct 1759—16 Oct 1759:
    Third Eddystone Lighthouse (John Smeaton's) completed
15 1760 
  • 1760—1760:
    Carron Iron Works in operation in Scotland
  • 1760—1760:
    SA - Jansz; Coetse with Klaas Barends and others cross Gariep River
  • 5 May 1760—5 May 1760:
    First use of hangman's drop
  • 25 Oct 1760—25 Oct 1760:
    George II dies - George III Hanover, his grandson, becomes king. The date conventionally marks the start of the so-called first Industrial Revolution'
16 1761 
  • 1761—1762:
    SA - Hendrik Hop travels to Gariep River
  • 16 Jan 1761—16 Jan 1761:
    British capture Pondicherry, India from the French
17 1762 
  • 1762—1762:
    Cigars introduced into Britain from Cuba
18 1763 
  • 1763—1763:
    Treaty of Paris - gives back to France everything Pitt fought to obtain - (Newfoundland [fishing], Guadaloupe and Martininque [sugar], Dakar [gum]) - but English displaces French as the international language
19 1764 
  • 1764—1764:
    Lloyd's Register of shipping first prepared
  • 1764—1764:
    Practice of numbering houses introduced to London
  • 1764—1764:
    James Hargeaves invents the Spinning Jenny (but destroyed 1768)
  • 1764—1764:
    Mozart produces his first symphony at age eight
20 1765 
  • 1765—1765:
    The potato becomes the most popular food in Europe
  • 22 Mar 1765—22 Mar 1765:
    Stamp Act passed - imposed a tax on publications and legal documents in the American colonies (repealed the following year)
21 1766 
  • 1766—1766:
    Start of 'composite' national records on rainfall in the UK
  • 5 Dec 1766—5 Dec 1766:
    Christie's auction house founded in London by James Christie
22 1767 
  • 1767—1767:
    Newcomen's steam pumping engine perfected by James Watt
23 1768 
  • 9 Jan 1768—9 Jan 1768:
    Philip Astley starts his circus in London
  • 6 Dec 1768—6 Dec 1768:
    The first edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica' published in Edinburgh by William Smellie
24 1769 
  • 1769—1769:
    Arkwright invents water frame (textile production)
  • 1769—1769:
    Capt James Cook maps the coast of New Zealand
  • 6 Sep 1769—6 Sep 1769:
    David Garrick organises first Shakespeare festival at Stratford-upon-Avon
25 1770 
  • 1770—1770:
    Clyde Trust created to convert the River Clyde, then an insignificant river, into a major thoroughfare for maritime communications
  • 1770—1799:
    SA - Intensive Khoisan resistance to Trekboer occupation
  • 28 Apr 1770—28 Apr 1770:
    Capt James Cook lands in Australia (Botany Bay) ? Aug 21: formally claims Australia for Britain
26 1771 
  • 1771—1771:
    Right to report Parliamentary debates established in England
  • 1771—1771:
    SA - Clashes between Trekboers and Xhosa begin as trekkers cross the Gamtoos River in the east
27 1772 
  • 1772—1772:
    First Travellers' Cheques issued by the London Credit Exchange Company
  • 1772—1772:
    Morning Post' first published (until 1937)
  • 14 May 1772—14 May 1772:
    Judge Mansfield rules that there is no legal basis for slavery in England
28 1774 
  • 1774—1774:
    SA - General Commando mounted against San: 503 killed; 241 captured
  • 13 Sep 1774—13 Sep 1774:
    Cook arrives on Easter Island
29 1775 
  • 19 Apr 1775—19 Apr 1775:
    Battle of Lexington: first action in American War of Independence (1775- 1783)
30 1776 
  • 1776—1776:
    Somerset House in London becomes the repository of records of population
  • 1776—1776:
    Watt and Boulton produce their first commercial steam engine
  • 4 Jul 1776—4 Jul 1776:
    American Declaration of Independence
  • 7 Sep 1776—7 Sep 1776:
    First attack on a warship by a submarine - David Bushnell's ?Turtle' attacked HMS Eagle in New York harbour. The attack was perhaps spectacular (a charge did detonate beneath the ship) but was nevertheless unsuccessful. 'Turtle' was a one man Affair man-powered [Les Moore]
31 1777 
  • 1777—1777:
    Samuel Miller of Southampton patents the circular saw.
32 1778 
  • 1778—1778:
    SA - Colonial boundary extended to Buffels; Zak; and Fish Rivers
  • 1778—1779:
    SA - Hendrik Jacob Wikar and Robert Jacob Gordon meet Khoekhoe; Geisiqua and Tswana groups along lower and middle Gariep which Gordon names Orange River in honour of the Netherlands Stadtholder
33 1779 
  • 1779—1779:
    Marc Isambard Brunel opens the first steamdriven sawmill at Chatham Dockyard in Kent
  • 1779—1779:
    First iron bridge built, over the Severn by John Wilkinson
  • 1779—1779:
    First Spinning Mills operational in Scotland
  • 14 Feb 1779—14 Feb 1779:
    Capt James Cook killed on Hawaii
  • 23 Sep 1779—23 Sep 1779:
    Naval engagement between Britain and USA off Flamborough Head
34 1780 
  • 1780—1780:
    Male Servants Tax
  • 1780—1780:
    The English Reform Movement - until now, only landowners and tenants (freeholders with 40 shillings per year or more) allowed to vote, and in open poll books
  • 1780—1780:
    Fountain pen invented
  • 1780—1780:
    About this time the word 'Quiz' entered the language, said to have been invented as a wager by Mr Daly, a Dublin theatre manager
  • 1780—1780:
    SA - First Frontier War between Xhosa and whites.
  • 4 May 1780—4 May 1780:
    First Derby run at Epsom (some say 2nd June)
  • 2 Jun 1780—2 Jun 1780:
    Jun 2- 8: The Gordon Riots - Parliament passes a Roman Catholic relief measure - for days, London is at the mercy of a mob and destruction is widespread
35 1782 
  • 1782—1782:
    Gilbert's Act establishes outdoor poor relief - the way of life of the poor beginning to alter due to industrialisation - New factories in rapidly expanding towns required a workforce that would adjust to new work patterns
  • 1782—1782:
    James Watt patents his steam engine
  • 1782—1782:
    SA - First issue of paper rix dollars.
36 1783 
  • 1783—1783:
    Duty payable on Parish Register entries (3d per entry - repealed 1794) - led to a fall in entries!
  • 1783—1792:
    SA - Le Vaillant and Van Reenen travel in Namaqualand and north of Orange River
  • 3 Sep 1783—3 Sep 1783:
    Treaty of Versailles (Britain/US)
  • 3 Nov 1783—3 Nov 1783:
    Last public execution at Tyburn in London (John Austin, a highwayman)
37 1784 
  • 1784—1784:
    Pitt's India Act - the Crown (as opposed to officers of the East India Company) has power to guide Indian politics
  • 1784—1784:
    Wesley breaks with the Church of England
  • 1784—1784:
    First golf club founded at St Andrews
  • 1784—1784:
    Invention of threshing machine by Andrew Meikle
  • 2 Aug 1784—2 Aug 1784:
    First mail coaches in England (4pm Bristol / 8am London)
38 1785 
  • 1785—1785:
    Sunday School Society founded to educate poor children (by 1851, enrols more than 2 million)
  • 1 Jan 1785—1 Jan 1785:
    John Walter publishes first edition of The Times (called The Daily Universal Register for 3 years)
39 1786 
  • 1786—1786:
    SA - Graaff-Reinet founded
40 1787 
  • 1787—1787:
    MCC (Marylebone Cricket Club) established at Thomas Lord's ground in London
41 1788 
  • 1788—1788:
    First steamboat demonstrated in Scotland
  • 1788—1788:
    Law passed requiring that chimney sweepers be a minimum of 8 years old (not enforced)
  • 1788—1788:
    First slave carrying act, the Dolben Act of 1788, regulates the slave trade - stipulates more humane conditions on slave ships
  • 1788—1788:
    King George III's mental illness occasions the Regency Crisis - Edmund Burke and Charles James Fox attack ministry of William Pitt - trying to obtain full regal powers for the Prince of Wales
  • 1788—1788:
    Gibbon completes Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'
  • 26 Jan 1788—26 Jan 1788:
    First convicts (and free settlers) arrive in New South Wales (left Portsmouth 13 May 1787) ? the 'First Fleet'; eleven ships commanded by Captain Arthur Phillip
42 1789 
  • 1789—1789:
    SA - Merino (wool-producing) sheep brought from Holland
  • 1789—1793:
    SA - Second Frontier War between Xhosa and whites.
  • 28 Apr 1789—28 Apr 1789:
    Mutiny on HMS Bounty - Captain William Bligh and 18 sailors are set adrift and the rebel crew ends up on Pitcairn Island
43 1790 
  • 1790—1790:
    Forth and Clyde Canal opened in Scotland
  • 1790—1799:
    SA - In documented raids on "Bosjesmen" 2000 - 3000 Khoisan are killed
44 1791 
  • 1791—1791:
    John Bell, printer, abandons the long s' (the 's' that looks like an 'f')
  • 1791—1791:
    Establishment of the Ordnance Survey of Great Britain
  • 4 Dec 1791—4 Dec 1791:
    First publication of The Observer - world's oldest Sunday newspaper
45 1792 
  • 1792—1792:
    Repression in Britain (restrictions on freedom of the press) - Fox gets Libel Act through Parliament, requiring a jury and not a judge to determine libel
  • 1792—1792:
    Boyle's Street Directory published
  • 1792—1792:
    Coal-gas lighting invented by William Murdock, an Ayrshire Scot
  • 1792—1792:
    SA - Dutch Reformed Church congregation founded in Graaff-Reinet.
  • 1792—1792:
    SA - Morovian Mission founded at Genadendal.
  • 1 Oct 1792—1 Oct 1792:
    Introduction of Money Orders in Britain
  • 1 Dec 1792—1 Dec 1792:
    King's Proclamation drawing out the British militia
46 1793 
  • 11 Feb 1793—11 Feb 1793:
    Britain declares war on France (1793-1802)
  • 15 Apr 1793—15 Apr 1793:
    ?5 notes first issued by the Bank of England
47 1794 
  • 1794—1794:
    Abolition of Parish Register duties
  • 6 Oct 1794—6 Oct 1794:
    The prosecutor for Britain, Lord Justice Eyre, charges reformers with High Treason - he argued that, since reform of parliament would lead to revolution and revolution to executing the King, the desire for reform endangered the King's life and was therefore treasonous
48 1795 
  • 1795—1795:
    The Famine Year
  • 1795—1795:
    Foundation of the Orange Order
  • 1795—1795:
    Speenhamland Act proclaims that the Parish is responsible for bringing up the labourer's wage to subsistence level - towards the end of the eighteenth century, the number of poor and unemployed increased dramatically - price increases during the Napoleonic Wars (1793-1815) far outstripped wage rises - many small farmers were bankrupted by the move towards enclosures and became landless labourers - their wages were often pitifully low
  • 1795—1795:
    Pitt and Grenville introduce The Gagging Acts' or 'Two Bills' (the Seditious Meetings and Treasonable Practices Bills) - outlawed the mass meeting and the political lecture.
  • 1795—1795:
    Consumption of lime juice made compulsory in Royal Navy
  • 1795—1795:
    SA - Xhosa at Prieska
  • 1795—1802:
    SA - British occupy Cape on behalf of William of Orange. Slaves outnumber European settlers at this time
  • 1795—1795:
    SA - Revolt in Swellendam and Graaff-Reinet.
49 1796 
  • 1796—1796:
    Pitt's Reign of Terror': More treason trials - leading radicals emigrate
  • 1796—1796:
    Legacy Tax on sums over ?20 excluding those to wives, children, parents and grandparents
  • 1796—1796:
    SA - Pieter Pienaar murdered by Jager Afrikaner at Hantam. Afrikaner becomes frontier leader
  • 14 May 1796—14 May 1796:
    Dr Edward Jenner gave first vaccination for smallpox in England
50 1797 
  • 1797—1797:
    England in Crisis, Bank of England suspends cash payments
  • 1797—1797:
    Mutinies in the British Navy at Spithead and Nore
  • 1797—1797:
    Tax on newspapers (including cheap, topical journals) increased to repress radical publications
  • 1797—1797:
    The first copper pennies were produced ('cartwheels') by application of steam power to the coining press
  • 22 Feb 1797—22 Feb 1797:
    French invade Fishguard, Wales; last time UK invaded; all captured 2 days later
  • 26 Feb 1797—26 Feb 1797:
    First ?1 (and ?2) notes issued by Bank of England
51 1798 
  • 1798—1798:
    First planned human experiment with vaccination, to test theories of Edward Jenner
  • 1798—1798:
    SA - First Post Office. Liquidation of Dutch East India Company. First mosque in southern Africa established in Dorp Street by Tuan Guru. Dutch Reformed Church congregation founded at Swellendam.
  • Feb 1798—Feb 1798:
    The Irish Rebellion; 100,000 peasants revolt; approximately 25,000 die - Irish Parliament abolished (Feb-Oct)
  • 1 Aug 1798—1 Aug 1798:
    Battle of the Nile (won by Nelson)
52 1799 
  • 1799—1799:
    Foundation of Royal Military College Sandhurst by the Duke of York
  • 1799—1799:
    Foundation of the Royal Institution of Great Britain
  • 1799—1802:
    SA - Eastern Cape Khoekhoe revolt
  • 1799—1799:
    SA - First London Missionary Society (LMS) station - to |Xam - on Zak River.
  • 1799—1799:
    SA - Fort Frederick built in Algoa Bay by British soldiers. Third Frontier War between the Xhosa and whites. Beginning of London Missionary Society work in South Africa.
  • 9 Jan 1799—9 Jan 1799:
    Pitt brings in 10% income tax, as a wartime financial measure
  • 12 Jul 1799—12 Jul 1799:
    'Combination Laws' in Britain against political associations and combinations
  • 15 Jul 1799—15 Jul 1799:
    ?Rosetta Stone' discovered in Egypt made possible the deciphering (in 1822) of Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics
53 1800 
  • 1800—1800:
    Electric light first produced by Sir Humphrey Davy
  • 1800—1800:
    Use of high pressure steam pioneered by Richard Trevithick (1771-1833)
  • 1800—1800:
    Royal College of Surgeons founded
  • 1800—1800:
    Herschel discovers infra-red light
  • 1800—1800:
    Volta makes first electrical battery
  • 1800—1800:
    SA - First printing press in Cape Town. Government Gazette started.
  • 2 Jul 1800—2 Jul 1800:
    Parliamentary union of Great Britain and Ireland
54 1801 
  • 1801—1801:
    Grand Union Canal opens in England
  • 1801—1801:
    Elgin Marbles brought from Athens to London
  • 1801—1801:
    SA - Official expedition of Truter; Somerville; Barrow and Daniell; with missionaries Jan Matthys Kok and William Edwards; reaches Dithakong
  • 1801—1801:
    SA - William Anderson established mission at Aakaap and then Klaarwater (later Griquatown). Khoisan spelling book printed by LMS
  • 1 Jan 1801—1 Jan 1801:
    Union Jack becomes the official British flag
  • 10 Mar 1801—10 Mar 1801:
    First census puts the population of England and Wales at 9,168,000. Population of Britain nearly 11 million (75% rural)
  • 24 Dec 1801—24 Dec 1801:
    Richard Trevithick built the first self-propelled passenger carrying road loco
55 1802 
  • Feb 1802—Jan 1806:
    SA - Batavian Republic rules the Cape.
  • 25 Mar 1802—25 Mar 1802:
    Treaty of Amiens signed by Britain, France, Spain, and the Netherlands ? the 'Peace of Amiens' as it was known brought a temporary peace of 14 months during the Napoleonic Wars ? one of its most important cultural effects was that travel and correspondence across the English Channel became possible again
56 1803 
  • 1803—1803:
    Poaching made a Capital offense in England if capture resisted
  • 1803—1803:
    Richard Trevithick built another steam carriage and ran it in London as the first self-propelled vehicle in the capital and the first London bus
  • 1803—1803:
    Semaphore signaling perfected by Admiral Popham
  • 30 Apr 1803—30 Apr 1803:
    Louisiana Purchase: Napoleon sells French possessions in America to United States
  • 12 May 1803—12 May 1803:
    Peace of Amiens ends ? resumption of war with France ? The Napoleonic Wars (1803-18l5)
  • 23 Jul 1803—23 Jul 1803:
    First public railway opens (Surrey Iron Railway, 9 miles from Wandsworth to Croydon, horse-drawn)
57 1804 
  • 1804—1804:
    Matthew Flinders recommends that the newly discovered country, New Holland, be renamed 'Australia'
  • 1804—1806:
    SA - Heinrich Lichtenstein travels to Dithakong
  • 1804—1804:
    SA - Uitenhage founded.
  • 21 Feb 1804—21 Feb 1804:
    Richard Trevithick runs his railway engine on the Penydarren Railway (9.5 miles from Pen-y-Darren to Abercynon in South Wales) this hauled a train with 10 tons of iron and 70 passengers. It was commemorated by the Royal Mint in 2004 in the form of A ?2 coin.
  • 3 Mar 1804—3 Mar 1804:
    John Wedgwood (eldest son of the potter Josiah Wedgwood) founds The Royal Horticultural Society
  • 2 Dec 1804—2 Dec 1804:
    Napoleon declares himself Emperor of the French
  • 12 Dec 1804—12 Dec 1804:
    Spain declares war on Britain
58 1805 
  • 1805—1805:
    London docks opened
  • 21 Oct 1805—21 Oct 1805:
    Admiral Nelson's victory at Trafalgar
  • 2 Dec 1805—2 Dec 1805:
    Battle of Austerlitz; Napoleon defeats Austrians and Russians
59 1806 
  • 1806—1806:
    Dartmoor Prison opened (built by French prisoners)
  • 1806—1806:
    SA - LMS station at Warmbad; Great Namaqualand
  • 1806—1806:
    SA - First regular inland postal service.
  • 1806—1806:
    SA - Second British occupation of the Cape
  • 9 Jan 1806—9 Jan 1806:
    Nelson buried in St Paul's cathedral, London
60 1807 
  • 1807—1807:
    SA - British ban slave trade, importation of slaves to the Cape ends
  • 25 Mar 1807—25 Mar 1807:
    Parliament passes Act prohibiting slavery and the importation of slaves from 1808 ? but does not prohibit colonial slavery
61 1808 
  • 1808—1808:
    SA - Clanwilliam founded.
  • 1808—1808:
    Gas lighting in London streets
  • 13 Jul 1808—13 Jul 1808:
    'Hot Wednesday' ? temperature of 101?F in the shade recorded in London
  • 20 Dec 1808—20 Dec 1808:
    Beethoven premieres his Fifth Symphony, Sixth Symphony, Fourth Piano Concerto and Choral Fantasy together in Vienna
62 1809 
  • 1809—1809:
    SA - Gola's Xhosa community settles at Pramberg.
  • 1809—1809:
    SA - Severe drought in eastern frontier.
  • 12 Feb 1809—12 Feb 1809:
    Birth of Charles Darwin
  • 18 Sep 1809—18 Sep 1809:
    Royal Opera House opens in London
63 1810 
  • 1810—1810:
    SA - Montshiwa of Rolong born
  • 1810—1810:
    John McAdam begins road construction in England, giving his name to the process of road metalling
64 1811 
  • 1811—1812:
    SA - William John Burchell travels in the interior
  • 1811—1811:
    SA - Caledon and George founded. Dutch Reformed Church congregation founded in Caledon. Regular circuit courts introduced.
  • 1811—1812:
    SA - Fourth Frontier War between Xhosa and whites.
  • 5 Feb 1811—5 Feb 1811:
    Prince of Wales (future George IV) made Regent after George III deemed insane
65 1812 
  • 1812—1812:
    SA - Molehabangwe of Tlhaping died; succeeded by son Mothibi
  • 1812—1812:
    SA - Cradock and Grahamstown founded.
  • 11 May 1812—11 May 1812:
    Prime Minister, Spencer Perceval, assassinated ? shot as he entered the House of Commons by a bankrupt Liverpool broker, John Bellingham, who was subsequently hanged
  • 18 Jun 1812—18 Jun 1812:
    Start of American 'War of 1812' (to 1814) against England and Canada
  • Oct 1812—Oct 1812:
    Napoleon retreats from Moscow with catastrophic losses
66 1813 
  • 1813—1813:
    SA - Revd John Campbell conducts mission inspection in the interior
  • 1813—1813:
    SA - Adam Kok's people assert the name Griqua
  • 1813—1813:
    SA - Court proceedings opened to the public.
  • 1813—1813:
    Ireland: First recorded '12th of July' sectarian riots in Belfast
  • 1813—1813:
    Jane Austen wrote 'Pride and Prejudice'
67 1814 
  • 1814—1814:
    SA - The Cape Colony is formally ceded to Britain. Mail packet service started between Britain and the Cape.
  • 1 Jan 1814—1 Jan 1814:
    Invasion of France by Allies
  • 6 Apr 1814—6 Apr 1814:
    Napoleon abdicates and is exiled to Elba
  • 13 Aug 1814—13 Aug 1814:
    Convention of London signed, a treaty between the UK and the Dutch
  • 24 Aug 1814—24 Aug 1814:
    The British burn the White House
  • 29 Nov 1814—29 Nov 1814:
    'The Times' first printed by a 'mechanical apparatus' (at 1100 sheets per hour)
  • 24 Dec 1814—24 Dec 1814:
    Treaty of Ghent signed ending the 1812 war between Britain and the US
68 1815 
  • 1815—1815:
    SA - Slagter's Nek Rebellion.
  • 1815—1815:
    Trial by Jury established in Scotland
  • 1815—1815:
    Davy develops the safety lamp for miners
  • 18 Jun 1815—18 Jun 1815:
    The Battle of Waterloo: Napoleon defeated and exiled to St. Helena
69 1816 
  • 1816—1816:
    SA - Missionaries Read and Hamilton; with Hendriks; Kakkerlak and Sedras establish Kuruman Mission (LMS)
  • 1816—1816:
    SA - Wesleyan Mission to Nama at Leliefontein
  • 1816—1816:
    Income tax abolished
  • 1816—1816:
    For the first time British silver coins were produced with an intrinsic value substantially below their face value ? the first official 'token' coinage
  • 1816—1816:
    Climate: the 'year without a summer' ? followed a volcanic explosion of the mountain 'Tambora in Indonesia the previous year the biggest volcanic explosion in 10000 years
  • 1816—1816:
    Large scale emigration to North America
  • 1816—1816:
    Trans-Atlantic packet service begins
70 1817 
  • 1817—1817:
    SA - Dutch Reformed Church congregation founded in Uitenhage.
  • 1817—1817:
    SA - Approximately 200 Scottish artisan immigrants brought to Cape by Benjamin Moodie.
  • 1817—1817:
    March of the Manchester Blanketeers; Habeas Corpus suspended
  • 1817—1817:
    Constable painted 'Flatford Mill'
71 1818 
  • 1818—1818:
    SA - Dutch Reformed Church congregation founded in Cradock. Settlement of land beyond Orange River. Beaufort West founded.
  • 1818—1819:
    SA - Fifth Frontier War between Xhosa and whites. Grahamstown attacked.
  • 1818—1818:
    Manchester cotton spinners' strike
  • 20 Oct 1818—20 Oct 1818:
    'Convention of 1818' signed between the United States and the United Kingdom which, among other things, settled the US-Canada border on the 49th parallel for most of its length
72 1819 
  • 1819—1819:
    SA - Dutch Reformed Church congregations founded in Beaufort West and Somerset West.
  • 1819—1819:
    Primitive bicycle, the Dandy Horse, becomes popular
  • 1819—1819:
    Britain returns to gold standard
  • 1819—1819:
    Singapore founded by Sir Stamford Raffles
  • May 1819—May 1819:
    SS 'Savannah' first steamship to cross Atlantic reaching Liverpool 20 June 1819 (26 Days reaching Liverpool 20 June 1819 (26 Days mostly under sail)
  • 16 Aug 1819—16 Aug 1819:
    Peterloo Massacre at Manchester ? a large, orderly group of 60,000 meets at St. Peter's Fields, Manchester ? demand Parliamentary Reform ? mounted troops charge on the meeting, killing 11 people and and maiming many others
73 1820 
  • 1820—1820:
    SA - James Read produces first book in SeTswana
  • 1820—1820:
    SA - Andries Waterboer elected Griqua Captain at Griquatown
  • 1820—1820:
    SA - Port Elizabeth named by Sir Rufane Donkin. Worcester founded.
  • 1820—1821:
    SA - Approximately 4000 British settlers arrive in Port Elizabeth as part of the 1820 Settlers immigration scheme, they are settled in the Eastern Cape.
  • 1820—1820:
    Cato Street Conspiracy ? plot to assissinate British cabinet
  • 1820—1820:
    Abolition of the Spanish Inquisition
  • 29 Jan 1820—29 Jan 1820:
    Accession of George IV, previously Prince Regent
  • 1 Aug 1820—1 Aug 1820:
    Regent's Canal in London opens
  • 17 Aug 1820—17 Aug 1820:
    Trial of Queen Caroline to prove her infidelities so George IV can divorce her ? George tries to secure a Bill of Pains and Penalties against her ? Caroline is virtually acquitted because bill passed by such a small majority of Lords
74 1821 
  • 1821—1821:
    SA - Robert Moffat; in Namaqualand from 1817; moves to Kuruman
  • 1821—1821:
    Faraday publishes 'Principles of electro-magnetic rotation'
  • 1821—1821:
    Constable paints 'The Hay Wain'
  • 5 May 1821—5 May 1821:
    Napoleon Bonaparte dies on St Helena
75 1822 
  • 1822—1828:
    SA - English becomes the official language of the Cape Colony.
  • 14 Jun 1822—14 Jun 1822:
    Charles Babbage proposes a difference engine in a paper to the Royal Astronomical Society
76 1823 
  • 1823—1823:
    SA - Difaqane (1820s) Battle of Dithakong - MaNthatisi repulsed by Tlhaping with help from Griquas. Tswana to north and east heavily disrupted by Difaqane raids. 1824 Bergenaar rebellion
  • 1823—1823:
    SA - Approximately 146 Irish settlers brought to the Cape by John Ingram.
  • 1823—1823:
    New laws concerning marriage by license ? 'very troublesome' according to some the Act was repealed all in a hurry at the beginning of the next session
  • 1823—1823:
    Peel begins penal reforms ? death penalty abolished for over 100 crimes
  • 1823—1823:
    Rugby Football 'invented' at Rugby School
  • 1823—1823:
    Rubberised waterproof material produced by MacIntosh
  • 1 Jul 1823—1823:
    SA - Lewis Broadbent born to the wife of the Methodist missionary Samuel Broadbent at Leeudoringstad, 16km from Wolmaranstad, on the 1st July 1823. Lewis later became a missionary to India.
  • 2 Dec 1823—2 Dec 1823:
    US President James Monroe delivers a speech establishing American neutrality in future European conflicts (the 'Monroe Doctrine')
77 1824 
  • 1824—1824:
    SA - George Thompson travels inland - naming Augrabies Falls "Cataract of King George"
  • 1824—1824:
    SA - Construction of road through Fransch Hoek Pass. First Synod of the Dutch Reformed Church. Mission station at Lovedale founded. First lighthouse opened.
  • 1824—1824:
    RSPCA established
  • 1824—1824:
    Portland cement patented
  • 4 Mar 1824—4 Mar 1824:
    Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) founded (called the 'National Institution for the Preservation of Life from Shipwreck' until 1854)
  • 10 May 1824—10 May 1824:
    National Gallery in London opens to the public
78 1825 
  • 1825—1825:
    SA - Dutch Reformed Church congregation founded in Somerset East.
  • 1825—1825:
    SA - First steamship in Table Bay. Depreciated rix dollar converted into British sterling. The Anglican St. Mary's Collegiate Church started in Port Elizabeth. The Jubilee Park Cemetery in Uitenhage in use circa 1825.
  • 27 Sep 1825—27 Sep 1825:
    Stockton to Darlington Railway opens ? world's first service of locomotive-hauled passenger trains
79 1826 
  • 1826—1826:
    SA - Adam Kok II establishes Philippolis Griqua Captaincy
  • 1826—1826:
    SA - Dutch Reformed Church congregations founded in Clanwilliam, Colesberg, Durbanville and Tijgerberg.
80 1827 
  • 1827—1827:
    Ohm's Law published
81 1828 
  • 1828—1828:
    SA - Ordinance 50 repeals pass laws
  • 1828—1828:
    SA - Circa 1828, the Union Chapel (London Missionary Society - i.e. Congregational) in Port Elizabeth is founded, records start in 1831. St. Mary's Cemetery started in Port Elizabeth circa 1828.
  • 25 Oct 1828—25 Oct 1828:
    St Katharine Docks in London opened (designed by Thomas Telford)
82 1829 
  • 1829—1829:
    London Metropolitan Police Force formed, nicknamed 'Bobbies' after Sir Robert Peel
  • 1829—1829:
    Louis Braille invents his system of finger-reading for the blind
  • 10 Jun 1829—10 Jun 1829:
    First Oxford/Cambridge Boat Race
  • 6 Oct 1829—6 Oct 1829:
    George Stephenson's Rocket wins the Rainhill trials (it was the only one to complete the trial!)
83 1830 
  • 1830—1830:
    SA - Moffat's printing press transported to Kuruman by ox wagon
  • 1830—1830:
    SA - Full civil privileges granted to Roman Catholics in the Cape. Colesberg founded. Road over Sir Lowry's Pass opened.
  • 1830—1830:
    Uprisings and agitation across Europe: the Netherlands are split into Holland and Belgium
  • Jul 1830—Jul 1830:
    Revolution in France, fall of Charles X and the Bourbons ? Louis Philippe (the Citizen King) on the throne
  • 15 Sep 1830—15 Sep 1830:
    George Stephenson's Liverpool & Manchester Railway opened by the Duke of Wellington ? first mail carried by rail, and first death on the railway as William Huskisson, a leading politician, is run over!
84 1831 
  • 1831—1831:
    SA - Dutch Reformed Church congregation founded in Albany. First publication of De Zuid Afrikaan (ons Land). First issue of Grahamstown Journal.
  • 1831—1831:
    A list of all parish registers dating prior to 1813 compiled
  • 1 Jun 1831—1 Jun 1831:
    James Clark Ross discovers the North Magnetic Pole
  • 1 Aug 1831—1 Aug 1831:
    'New' London Bridge opens (replaced 1973) ? old bridge (which had existed for over 600 years) then demolished
85 1832 
  • 1832—1832:
    Electoral Registers introduced
  • 1832—1832:
    Electric telegraph invented by Morse
  • 7 Jun 1832—7 Jun 1832:
    Reform Bill passed ? Representation of the People Act
86 1833 
  • 1833—1833:
    SA - Dutch Reformed Church parish in Piquetberg (Piketberg) founded.
  • 1833—1839:
    SA - Approximately 750 juveniles brought to the Cape as apprentices.
  • Jan 1833—Jan 1833:
    Britain invades the Falkland Islands
  • 29 Aug 1833—29 Aug 1833:
    Factory Act forbids employment of children below age of 9
87 1834 
  • 1834—1834:
    SA - Abolition of legal slavery; but slaves apprenticed for four years
  • 1834—1835:
    SA - Andrew Smith with artist Charles Davidson Bell travels in the interior
  • 1834—1834:
    SA - Berlin Mission Society establishes station at Bethulie; and out-station among Korana at Pniel in 1845.
  • 1834—1834:
    SA - The Anglican St. John's Church is built in Bathurst, but its burial records go back to 1823. King William's Town founded. Slaves officially freed but apprenticed for next 4 years.
  • 1834—1834:
    SA - Kommissie treks from Cape begins. Port Natal renamed Durban.
  • 1834—1834:
    Babbage invents forerunner of the computer
  • 18 Mar 1834—18 Mar 1834:
    'Tolpuddle Martyrs' transported (to Australia) for Trades Union activities
  • 1 May 1834—1 May 1834:
    Slavery abolished in British possessions
  • 21 Dec 1834—Sep 1835:
    SA - Sixth Frontier War between Xhosa and whites.
88 1835 
  • 1835—1836:
    SA - Louis Trichardt, Hans van Rensburg and Andries Potgieter trek north.
  • 1835—1835:
    Christmas becomes a national holiday
  • 1835—1835:
    First railway boom period starts in Britain construction of Great Western Railway
89 1836 
  • 1836—1836:
    SA - James Alexander travels through Namaqualand
  • 1836—1836:
    SA - The Great Trek has reached the Transvaal and the Free State areas.
  • 1836—1836:
    SA - Potgieter's trekkers defeat Ndebele at the Battle of Vegkop.
  • 1836—1836:
    First Potato famine in Ireland
  • 30 Jan 1836—30 Jan 1836:
    Telford's Menai Straits Bridge opened ? considered the world's first modern suspension bridge
  • 25 Feb 1836—25 Feb 1836:
    Samuel Colt patented the 'revolver'
  • 6 Mar 1836—6 Mar 1836:
    The Alamo falls to Mexican troops - death of Davy Crockett
  • Jul 1836—Jul 1836:
    Inauguration of the Arc de Triomphe in Paris
90 1837 
  • 1837—1837:
    SA - Piet Retief publishes his "Manifesto".
  • 1837—1837:
    SA - Andries Potgieter and Piet Uys, helped by Rolong and Griqua tribes, defeat Ndebele at Mosega. Louis Trichardt arrives in Lourenco Marques. Seperate administrative districts granted to Port Elizabeth, Cradock and Colesburg.
  • 1837—1837:
    SA - Victoria
  • 1837—1837:
    Pitman introduces his shorthand system
  • 1837—1837:
    P&O Founded
  • 20 Jun 1837—20 Jun 1837:
    William IV dies - accession of Queen Victoria (to 1901)
  • 1 Jul 1837—1 Jul 1837:
    Compulsory registration of Births, Marriages & Deaths in England & Wales - Registration Districts were formed covering several parishes; initially they had the same boundaries as the Poor Law boundaries set up in 1834
  • 13 Jul 1837—13 Jul 1837:
    Queen Victoria moves into the first Buckingham Palace
  • 20 Jul 1837—20 Jul 1837:
    Euston Railway station opens - first in London
91 1838 
  • 1838—1838:
    SA - Russell Road (Hyman's Kloof) Cemetery established in Port Elizabeth. Pietermaritzburg founded in 1838. Boers found Republic of Natal.
  • Feb 1838—1838:
    SA - Piet Retief and his people are murdered by Dingaan's soldiers at Dingaan's kraal and Weenen.
  • 28 Jun 1838—28 Jun 1838:
    Coronation of Queen Victoria at Westminster Abbey
  • 16 Dec 1838—1838:
    SA - Battle of Blood River fought between Zulus and Boers.
92 1839 
  • 1839—1839:
    SA - Dutch Reformed Church parishes founded in Bredasdorp and Riversdale. Potchefstroom founded.
  • 1839—1839:
    First Opium War between Britain and China (to 1842) - Britain captures Hong Kong
  • 1839—1839:
    Scottish blacksmith Kirkpatrick MacMillan refines the primitive bicycle adding a mechanical crank drive to the rear wheel,thus creating the first true 'bicycle' in the modern Sense
  • 1839—1839:
    Charles Goodyear invented vulcanized rubber
93 1840 
  • 1840—1849:
    SA - Expansion of commercial wool farmers in Karoo transforms colonial economy. Pedi migrate to work on Cape farms
  • 1840—1840:
    SA - The Anglican St. Katherine's Church is founded in Uitenhage.
  • 1840—1840:
    Population Act relating to taking of censuses in Britain
  • 1840—1840:
    Last convicts landed in NSW (some say 1842 or 1849, but these probably landed elsewhere)
  • 10 Jan 1840—10 Jan 1840:
    Uniform Penny Postage introduced nationally
94 1841 
  • 1841—1841:
    SA - Missionary David Livingstone arrives in South Africa - proceeds to Kuruman before journeying through Central Africa
  • 1841—1841:
    SA - Circa 1841, the Methodist Church founded in Port Elizabeth. Trekkers council set up in Potchefstroom.
  • 1841—1841:
    Thomas Cook starts package tours
  • 10 Feb 1841—10 Feb 1841:
    Penny Red replaces Penny Black postage stamp
  • 6 Jun 1841—6 Jun 1841:
    June 6: First full census in Britain in which all names were recorded (Population 18.5M)
95 1842 
  • 1842—1842:
    SA - Dutch Reformed Church parish founded in Prince Albert. Dick King's ride from Durban to Grahamstown.
  • 1842—1843:
    SA - War between the British and the Boers in Natal.
  • 1842—1842:
    Income Tax reintroduced in Britain
  • 30 Mar 1842—30 Mar 1842:
    Ether used as an anesthetic for the first time (by Dr Crawford Long in America)
  • 29 Aug 1842—29 Aug 1842:
    Treaty of Nanking - End of First Opium War - Britain gains Hong Kong
96 1843 
  • 1843—1843:
    SA - Natal annexed as a British Colony.
  • 1843—1843:
    SA - Dutch Reformed Church parish founded in Richmond.
  • 1843—1843:
    First Christmas card in England
  • 27 May 1843—27 May 1843:
    The Great Hall of Euston station opened in London
  • 19 Jul 1843—19 Jul 1843:
    Brunel's 'Great Britain' launched
97 1844 
  • 1844—1844:
    SA - Access to land is changed from leasehold to free hold
  • 1844—1844:
    SA - Victoria West established
  • Apr 1844—1844:
    SA - Boers from Natal settle at Potchefstroom, after crossing the Drakensberg Mountains. Hendrik Potgieter settles at Delagoa Bay.
  • 6 Jun 1844—6 Jun 1844:
    YMCA founded in London by Sir George Williams
98 1845 
  • 1845—1845:
    SA - Mothibi of Tlhaping dies
  • 1845—1845:
    SA - Dutch Reformed Church parish founded at Mossel Bay. Ohrigstad founded. Natal becomes autonomous district of Cape Colony.
  • 1845—1845:
    SA - Battle of Zwartkoppies.
  • 1845—1845:
    Tarmac laid for first time (in Nottingham)
  • 17 Mar 1845—17 Mar 1845:
    The rubber band patented by Stephen Perry
99 1846 
  • 1846—1854:
    SA - Orange River Sovereignty
  • 1846—1846:
    SA - Dutch Reformed Church parish founded in Burgersdorp. Bloemfontein founded.
  • 1846—1848:
    SA - Seventh Frontier War between Xhosa and whites, this war was also known as the War of the Axe.
  • 1846—1847:
    SA - Approximately 103 settlers arrive in Port Elizabeth from war-torn Buenos Aires, Argentinia.
  • 10 Sep 1846—10 Sep 1846:
    The sewing machine is patented by Elias Howe
100 1847 
  • 1847—1847:
    SA - Colonial boundary extended to Orange River
  • 1847—1847:
    SA - Rhenish Missionary Christoph Alheit moves to Schietfontein (Carnarvon)
  • 1847—1847:
    SA - Dutch Reformed Church parish founded in Calvinia. Opening of Montagu Pass. Sugar cane plantations started in Natal. East London founded. Districts of Victoria East and British Kaffraria annexed as part of the Cape Colony.
  • 1847—1847:
    US Mormons make Salt Lake City their centre
  • Jan 1847—Jan 1847:
    An anesthetic used for the first time in England (James Simpson used ether to numb the pain of labour)
101 1848 
  • 1848—1848:
    SA - Boers cross the Vaal River. Orange River Sovereignty established. Battle of Boomplaats.
  • 1848—1848:
    SA - Dutch Reformed Church parish founded in Napier. Soutpansberg (later Schoemansdal) founded.
  • 1848—1848:
    First commercial production of chewing gum
  • 24 Jan 1848—24 Jan 1848:
    Gold found at Sutter's Mill, California - starts the California gold rush
  • 23 Mar 1848—1848:
    SA - Approximately 163 German settlers, known as the Bergthiel Settlers, arrive in Natal.
  • 11 Jul 1848—11 Jul 1848:
    Waterloo railway station in London opens
102 1849 
  • 1849—1849:
    SA - Circa 1849 the first Jewish Congregation founded in Cape Town.
  • 1849—1850:
    SA - The Byrne Settlers arrive in Natal.
  • 1849—1849:
    Florin (2 shilling coin) introduced as the first step to decimalisation - which finally occurred in 1971!
103 1850 
  • 1850—1859:
    SA - First Afrikaans book written by an imam (Muslim prayer leader) of slave descent
  • 1850—1850:
    SA - Wesleyan Settlers arrive in Natal. Dutch Reformed Church parish founded in Namaqualand.
  • 1850—1853:
    SA - Eighth Frontier War.
104 1851 
  • 1851—1851:
    SA - Sugar first produced from cane in Natal.
  • 1851—1851:
    Gold discovered in Australia
  • 1 May 1851—1 May 1851:
    Great exhibition of the works of industry of all nations ('Crystal Palace' exhibition) opened in Hyde Park
105 1852 
  • 1852—1852:
    SA - Copper mining in Namaqualand - migrant labour on small scale
  • 1852—1852:
    SA - The Transvaal Republic established. Dutch Reformed Church parish founded in Middelburg. The New Church (Congregational / Presbyterian) established in Port Elizabeth. Copper mining begins at Springbokfontein. Wreck of the Birkenhead.
  • 1852—1852:
    Tasmania ceases to be a convict settlement
  • 1852—1852:
    Wells Fargo established in USA
106 1853 
  • 1853—1853:
    SA - Hopetown established
  • 1853—1853:
    SA - Nicholas Waterboer succeeds as Griqua Captain
  • 1853—1853:
    SA - Settlement of Queenstown and Seymour. Union Steamship Line founded.
  • 1853—1853:
    Vaccination against smallpox made compulsory in Britain
107 1854 
  • 1854—1854:
    SA - Orange Free State Republic proclaimed
  • 1854—1854:
    SA - Dutch Reformed Church parishes established in Montagu and Queenstown. First Cape Colony Parliament. Boers defeat Ndebele at Makapansgat.
  • 1854—1854:
    SA - Crimean War
  • 1854—1854:
    Cigarettes introduced into Britain
  • 27 Mar 1854—27 Mar 1854:
    Britain declares war on Russia (Crimean War)
  • 25 Oct 1854—25 Oct 1854:
    Battle of Balaklava in Crimea (charge of the Light Brigade)
108 1855 
  • 1855—1855:
    SA - Pretoria founded. 20 Irish miners arrive to work in the Namaqualand copper mines.
109 1856 
  • 1856—1856:
    SA - The Anglican St. Paul's Church in Port Elizabeth founded. Approximately 3000 Crimean War veterans (German Legionaires) settled in Kaffraria, later joined by 2700 German civilians. Dutch Reformed Church parish founded in Murraysburg.
  • 1856—1856:
    SA - Natal becomes a seperate colony.
  • 1856—1857:
    SA - Self-destruction of Xhosa tribe by cattle-killing.
  • 1856—1862:
    SA - Approximately 700 juveniles arrive from Holland.
  • 1856—1856:
    End of Crimean War
  • 29 Jan 1856—29 Jan 1856:
    Victoria Cross created by Royal Warrant, backdated to 1854 to recognise acts during the Crimean War (first award ceremony 26 June 1857)
110 1857 
  • 1857—1857:
    SA - Moffat completes Old Testament Bible translation into Setswana
  • 1857—1857:
    SA - Xhosa enter Karoo following Eastern Cape Cattle Killing.
  • 1857—1857:
    SA - Approximately 157 Irish girls arrive on the ship Lady Kennaway, settle in British Kaffraria. First Legislative Council in Natal. First mail contract with Union Steamship Company for regular mail service between Britain and South Africa.
  • 1857—1862:
    SA - Assisted immigration schemes bring about 12 000 settlers.
  • 1857—1857:
    Work starts on the laying of the Transatlantic cable

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